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Ukrainian Asteroid Impact Craters could be part of explaining Dinosaur extinction around 65 millions of years ago
Posted by admin in Uncategorized on January 26th, 2010
Ukrainian Asteroid Impact Craters could be part of explaining Dinosaur extinction around 65 millions of years ago. Several impact craters are found in Ukraine, however their age ranges from 350 to 65 million years old. So these craters are evidence of older asteroid impacts hitting the earth long time ago. However, these craters plays an important role in understanding the frequencies of asteroid impacts to earth, as well as understanding the critical K/T boundary and associated layers in our geological history. At least two of the identified impact craters in Ukraine seem to be linked to the age of mass extinction on earth happened around 65 million years ago. This is the age of the K/T boundary found around the world as well. We will now discuss some of the craters, and begins with the best described of them, the Boltysh Impact Crater. The Boltysh Crater is an impact crater in the Kirovohrad Oblast province of Ukraine. The crater is 24 km in diameter and its age of 65. 17 ± 0. 64 million years, based on argon dating techniques, is within error of that of Chicxulub Crater in Mexico, and the KT boundary. The Chicxulub impact is believed to have caused the mass extinction at the end of the Cretaceous era, which included the extinction of the dinosaurs. As well as Boltysh, several other impact craters around the world have estimated ages of about 65 million years, leading to the suggestion that the Earth was struck by multiple asteroid impacts at that time. The collision of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 with Jupiter in 1994 showed that such multiple impacts over a few days are possible. Boltysh Crater is located in central Ukraine, in the basin of the Tiasmyn River, a tributary of the Dnieper River. It is 24 km in diameter, and is surrounded by an eject blanket of breccia preserved over an area of 6500 km². It is estimated that immediately after the impact, ejecta covered an area of 25,000 km² to a depth of 1 m or greater, and was some 600 m deep at the crater rim. The crater is not visible on satellite pictures as it is part of agricultural land today and covered with sediments. The crater contains a central uplift about 6 km in diameter, rising about 550 m above the base level of the crater. This uplift currently lies beneath about 500 m of sediment deposited since the impact, and was discovered in the 1960s during oil exploration. When first identified, the age of the crater could only be roughly constrained between the age of the impacted rocks (the target) and the age of overlying sediments. The target rocks date from the Cenomanian (98. 9 to 93. 5 million years ago) and Turonian (93. 5 to 89 million years ago) epochs. Bore samples of sediments overlying the crater contain fossils dating from the Paleocene epoch, 65 to 54. 8 million years ago. The age of the crater was thus constrained to between 54. 8 and 98. 9 million years. Subsequent radiometric dating reduced the uncertainty. The concentration of uranium-238 decay products in impact glasses from the crater were used to derive an age of 65. 04 ± 1. 10 million years. Analysis of argon radioactive decay products yielded an age of 65. 17 ± 0. 64 million years. These ages are similar to that of Chicxulub Crater. Although the ages derived for Chicxulub and Boltysh are the same to within their statistical errors, it does not necessarily follow that they formed at exactly the same time. At the estimated rate of impacts on the Earth, it would not be extremely unusual for a Boltysh-sized crater to be formed within half a million years of Chicxulub. The dating of these impact craters is not yet accurate enough to establish whether the asteroids arrived thousands of years apart, perhaps as part of a generally elevated rate of impacts at that time, or were almost simultaneous, like the impacts of the fragments of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 on Jupiter in 1994. The discovery of the unconfirmed Silverpit crater and the early report of its age as 65 – 60 million years initially gave greater weight to the hypothesis that the Earth was struck by multiple asteroids at this time, however, the age estimate has now been broadened to 74 – 45 million years. The controversial Shiva crater is claimed to have formed around the same time, but its status as an impact crater is disputed. CEPSAROne hundred and two core boxes containing over 400m of core from the Bolytsh impact crater in the Ukraine have arrived in Aberdeen as part of the NERC funded project into the environmental effects that resulted from this 65 million year old impact crater. CEPSAR scientists Dr Jon Watson, Prof. Simon Kelley and Dr Iain Gilmour joined their University of Aberdeen colleague Dave Jolley for an exciting day doing an initial sampling of the core. Core recovery is over 95% providing the team with a near complete geological record starting from the impact rocks of the crater floor through nearly 400m of sediments from the lake that filled the crater after the impact. The initial sampling comprised some 200 samples that will form part of the detailed geochemical and palynological examination that the team will be undertaking in the coming months. The project is examining the possibility for several impacts at the 65 million year old Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary and their separate and combined consequences for life on Earth at the time. Another impact crater north of the Bolytsh impact crater is the Rotmistrovka crater with a diameter of approximately 2. 7 kilometers and is assumed to be of 120 +/- 10 million years old. So this crater is of a much older date and is not part of the potential mass extinction multiple impact scenario around 65 million years ago which Bolytsh impact crater seems to belong to. Seleny Gai impact crater just south of the Bolytsh crater is of 80 million +/- 20 million years old, so it could be part of the multiple impact event where Bolytsh belongs. Ilyinets impact crater with a diameter of 8. 5 kilometers and an age of 378 +/- 5 million years is located some 230 kilometers west of Bolytsch crater. This crater is not exposed to surface today. Around 70 kilometers north of Ilyinets crater we find the Zapadnaya Impact Crater with a diameter of 3. 2 kilomters. The age of this crater is estimated to 165 +/- million years. Also this crater is not exposed to the surface today. If you have further interest in knowing more about impact craters around the world, The Earth Impact Database could be a good place for you to start learning more about where these are. Lots have been written about the Bolytsh impact crater and here is a reference list for you to dig into if you want. 1. Bass, Yu B. , Galaka, A. I. and Grabovskiy,V. I. , The Boltysh oil shales (in Russian). Razvadka i Okhrana Nedr, pp. 11-15. 1967. 2. Boiko, A. K. , Val’ter, A. A. and Vishnyak,M. M. , On the age of the Boltysh depression (in Russian). Geologicheskii Zhurnal, v. 45, pp. 86-90. 1985. 3. Cockell, C. S. , Lee, P. , The Biology of Impact Craters - a review. Biol. Rev. , 77, P. 279 - 310. 2002. 4. Dabizha, A. I. , Fedynsky, V. V. , Features of the gravitational field of astroblemes (in Russian). Meteoritika, v. 36, pp. 113-120. 1977. 5. Dabizha, A. I. , Krass, M. S. , The evolution of explosive meteorite craters on Earth (in Russian). “Zemlya i Vselennaya”, v. 5, pp. 80-88. 1975. 6. Fel’dman, V. I. , Rare-Earth elements in astrobleme impactites. Geochemistry International, v. 32, pp. 24-48. 1995. 7. Fel’dman, V. I. , Sazonova, L. V. and Granovsky,L. B. , A classification of impactites based on petrographic and geological features (in Russian). Ispytateley Prirody Byull. , Otdel. Geol. , v. 57, pp. 84-94. 1982. 8. Grieve, R. A. F. , Masaitis, V. L. , The economic potential of terrestrial impact craters. International Geology Review, v. 36, pp. 105-151. 1994. 9. Grieve, R. A. F. , Reny, G. , Gurov, E. P. and Ryabenko,V. A. , The melt rocks of the Boltysh impact crater, Ukraine, USSR. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 96, pp. 56-62. 1987. 10. Grieve, R. A. F. , The record of impact on Earth: Implications for a major Cretaceous/Tertiary impact event. Geological Society of America, Special Paper 190, pp. 25-37. 1982. 11. Gurov, E. P. , Kelley, S. P. , Koeberl, C. and Dykan, N. I. , Sediments and Impact Rocks Filling the Boltysh Impact Crater, Meteoritics & Planetary Science, Vol. 42, No. 3, P. 335 - 358. 2007. 12. Gurov, E. P. , Kelley, S. P. , Koeberl. , Ejecta of the Boltysh Impact Crater in the Ukranian Shield, Impact Markers in the Stratigraphic Record p. 179 - 202. 2003. 13. Gurov, E. P. , Khmelnitsky, A. F. , The Boltysh impact crater ejecta: Preservation stage and estimation of initial parameters (abstract). 4th International Workshop of the ESF Scientific Network on “Impact Cratering and Evolution of Planet Earth”. The Role of Impacts on the Evolution of the Atmosphere and Biosphere with Regard to Short- and Long-Term Changes, p. 80-81. 1995. 14. Gurov, E. P. , Gurova, E. P. and Metalidi,S. V. , The structure of a meteorite crater with central uplift (as exemplified by the Boltysh astrobleme) (abstract). Meteoritics, v. 26, pp. 253. 1991. 15. Gurov, E. P. , Gurova, E. P. , Some features of the structure of the crater with the central uplift (abstract). Eighth Soviet-American Microsymposium, pp. 35-36. 1988. 16. Gurov, E. P. , Gurova, E. P. , Impact structures on the Earth’s surface (in Russian). Geologicheskii Zhurnal, v. 47, pp. 117-124. 1987. 17. Gurov, E. P. , Gurova, E. P. and Kolesov,G. M. , Impactite composition of the Boltysh astrobleme (in Russian). Meteoritika, v. 45, pp. 150-155. 1986. 18. Gurov, E. P. , Gurova, E. P. , Boltysh astrobleme: Impact crater pattern with a central uplift. Lunar and Planetary Science XVI, pp. 310-311. 1985. 19. Gurov, E. P. , Ryabenko, V. A. , Impact structures of the Ukrainian shield. International Geological Congress 27, Moscow, Field Guide Excursion 098, pp. 143-159. 1984. 20. Gurov, E. P. , Val’ter, A. A. and Rakitskaya,R. B. , Coesite in rocks of meteorite explosion craters on the Ukrainian shield (in Russian). Mineralogicheskoye Obshchestvo Zapiski, v. 107, pp. 362-365. 1978. 21. Gurov, E. P. , Val’ter, A. A. , Ejecta from Boltysh meteorite crater in the Ukrainian shield (in Russian). Geologicheskii Zhurnal, v. 37, pp. 79-84. 1977. 22. Holker, Th. , Deutsch, A. ,. , Strontium and Nd Isotopic compositions of impact melt rocks from the Boltysh and Lappajarvi Impact Structures. 59th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting, Impact Craters and Ejecta I, Oral, METSOC 96 p. A62-63. 1996. 23. Holker, Th. , Deutsch, A. , The Boltysh Impact Structure, Ukraine: Geochemistry of the Melt Sheet, 27th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. 1996. 24. Hölker, Th. , Deutsch, A. , The Boltysh impact structure, Ukraine: Geochemistry of the melt sheet (abstract). Lunar and Planetary Science, v. XXVII, pp. 555-556. 1996. 25. Holubev, V. A. , Karpov, H M. and Popovichenko,V A. , The meteorite-explosion origin of the Boltysh depression in the Kirovohrad district (in Ukrainian). Dopovidi Akademii Nauk Ukrains’koi SSSR, v. 1, pp. 10-12. 1974. 26. Ivanov, B. A. , Basilevsky, A. T. , Meteorite craters (in Russian). Priroda, v. 10, pp. 23-35. 1985. 27. Kashkarov, L. L. , Nazarov, M. A. , Kalinina, G. V. , Lorenz, K. A. , Konokova,N. N. , Fission Track Dating of the Bolytsh Crater, Ukraine, LPSC XXIX, Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston, TX, (CD-ROM). 1998. 28. Kelley, S. P. , Gurov, E. , Boltysh, another end-Cretaceous impact. Meteoritics and Planetary Science, v. 37, p. 1031-1043. 2002. 29. Khryanina, L. P. , Meteorite craters on Earth (in Russian), Moscow, Nedra, pp. 73-82. 1987. 30. Khryanina, L. P. , Meteorite craters on Earth (in Russian). Moscow, Nerda, 112 p. 1987. 31. Komarov, A. M. , Raykhlin, A. I. , Comparison of fission-track and potassium-argon dating of impactites. Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, v. 228, pp. 673-676. 1976. 32. Lorenz, C. A. , Trace Elements Geochemistry in Impact Melts of the Bolytsh Crater, Ukraine, LPSC XXX, Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston, TX, Abstr. 1597 (CD-ROM). 1999. 33. Masaitis, V. L. , Mashchak, M. S. , Bilateral symmetry of circular impact structures of astroblemes (in Russian). Meteoritika, v. 41, pp. 150-156. 1982. 34. Masaitis, V. L. , Inclusions in impactites (in Russian). Meteoritika, v. 40, pp. 107-112. 1982. 35. Masaitis, V. L. , Mashchak, M. S. , Distribution of impactites in some large astroblemes on the U. S. S. R. territory (abstract). Lunar and Planetary Science XI, pp. 674-676. 1980. 36. Masaitis, V. L. , Danilin, A. N. , Maschak, M. S. , Raykhlin, A. I. , Selivanovskaya, T. V. and Shadenkov,Ye. M. , The Geology of Astroblemes (in Russian). Leningrad, Nedra, 231 p. 1980. 37. Masaitis, V. L. , Mashchak, M. S. , Distribution of impactites in some large astroblemes of the U. S. S. R. territory (abstract). Lunar and Planetary Science, v. XI, pp. 674-676. 1980. 38. Masaitis, V. L. , The morphology and sub-surface structure of terrestrial meteorite craters and astroblemes (in Russian). Pis’ma v Astronomichesky Zhurnal, v. 3, pp. 36-40. 1979. 39. Masaitis, V. L. , Danilin, A. N. and Bogomolnaya,L. S. , Crystallization of impact melt in Boltysh crater (abstract). Lunar and Planetary Science IX, pp. 699-701. 1978. 40. Masaitis, V. L. , Mashchak, M. S. , Raikhlin, A. I. , Selivanovskaya, T. V. , & Danilin,A. , Meteorite craters and astroblemes in the USSR (in Russian). Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, v. 240, pp. 1191-1193. 1978. 41. Masaitis, V. L. , Astroblemes in the USSR. International Geology Review, v. 18, pp. 1249-1258. 1975. 42. Orlova, A. O. , Sazonova, L. V. and Fel’dman,V. I. , Correlation between plagioclase crystal morphology and cooling kinetic of Boltysh astrobleme impact melt (USSR) (abstract). Meteoritics, v. 24, p. 312. 1989. 43. Phinney, W. C. , Simonds, C. H. , Dynamical implications of the petrology and distribution of impact melt rocks. Roddy, D. J. , Pepin, R. O. and Merrill, R. B. , eds. , Impact and Explosion Cratering, Pergamon Press, New York, pp. 771-790. 1977. 44. Raikhlin, A. I. , Danilin, A. N. , Gorshkov, E. S. and Starunov,V. A. , Contrasting differences in tagamites from the Popigai and Boltysh astroblemes (in Russian). Meteoritika, v. 42, pp. 144-148. 1983. 45. Reimold, W. U. , Dressler, B. O. , The economic significance of impact processes (abstract). Abstracts for the International Workshop on Meteorite Impact on the Early Earth, Perth, Australia, pp. 36-37. 1990. 46. Ryabenko, V. A. , Val’ter, A. A. , Meteorite explosion craters as an object of study in modern geology (in Russian). Visnyk, v. 1-6, pp. 7-16. 1977. 47. Schmidt, G. , Palme, H. , Os, Re, Ir, Ru, Rh, Pd, Au in borehole samples from the Clearwater East crater (Canada) and the Boltysh impact crater (Ukraine) (abstract). Lunar and Planetary Science XXVIII, pp. 1255-1256. 1997. 48. Schmidt, G. , Clues to the Nature of the Impacting Bodies from Platinum-group Elements (Rhenium and Gold) in Borehole Samples from the Clearwater East Crater (Canada) and the Bolytsh Impact Crater (Ukraine), Meteoritics; vol. 32, p. 761-7. 1997. 49. Shcherban, O. N. , A study of meteorite crater formation by comparing results of geological observations and numerical modelling on the computer (in Russian). Visnyk Akademiyi Nauk Ukrayinskoyi RSR, v. 3, pp. 11-19. 1983. 50. Stanyukovich, A. K. , Probable meteorite craters (in Russian). Priroda, v. March, pp. 119-121. 1972. 51. Val’ter, A. A. , Kolesov, G. M. , Fel’dman, V. I. and Kapustkina,I. G. , Contamination of the Boltysh astrobleme impactites with meteoritic matter (in Russian). Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, v. 295, pp. 164-167. 1987. 52. Val’ter, A. A. , Dobryanski, Yu. P. , Lazarenko, Y. Y. and Tarasyuk,V. K. , Shock metamorphism of quartz and estimation of masses motion in the bases of Boltysh and Ilyinets astroblemes of the Ukrainian shield (abstract). Lunar and Planetary Science XIII, pp. 819-820. 1982. 53. Val’ter, A. A. , Ryabenko, V. A. , Explosion craters of the Ukrainian shield (in Russian). Kiev, Naukova dumka Press, 154 p. 1977. 54. Vishevsky, S. A. , Pospelova, L. N. , Some petrological and geochemical features of the problem of impact interactions (in Russian). Nekotoryye Petrologo-Geokhimicheskiye Osobennosti Problemy Impaktnykh Vzaumodeistviy, pp. 156-191. 1984. 55. Westbroek, H. , Stewart, R. , The formation, morphology, and economic potential of meteorite impact craters, CREWES Research Report v. 8, p. 1-26. 1996. 56. Yakovlev, O. I. , Parfenova, O. V. and Ignatenko,K. I. , Nonequilibrium condensation and high potassium impactites (in Russian). Meteoritika, v. 41, pp. 141-149. 1982. 57. Yakovlev, O. I. , Vernadsky, V. I. and Parfenova,O. V. , The role of vaporization and condensation in the formation of the chemical composition of impactites. Lunar and Planetary Science XI, pp. 1285-1287. 1980. 58. Yurk, Yu Yu. , Yeremenko, G. K. and Polkanov,Yu. A. , The Boltysh depression-a fossil meteorite crater (in Russian). Sovetskaya Geologiya, v. 2, pp. 138-144. 1975. 59. Yurk, Yu Yu. , Yeremenko, G. K. and Polkanov,Yu. A. , The Boltysh depression-a fossil meteorite crater. Sovetskaya Geologiya, v. 18, pp. 196-202. 1975. 60. Yurk, Yu Yu. , Er’omenko, G. K. and Polkanov,Y. A. , New data concerning the genesis of the Boltysh basin (in Russian). Akademiya Nauk Ukrainskoy RSR, Dopovidi, Seriya, B, Geologiya, Geolizika, Khimiyo, ta Biologiya, Kiev, pp. 244-248. 1974.
Author Byron Katie Shares Information On Turning Negative Thoughts Around
Posted by admin in Uncategorized on September 13th, 2009
This interview is an excerpt from Kevin Gianni healthy year of life, which can be found in http://thehealthiestyearofyourlife. com. In this excerpt, Byron Katie shares at the time of transformation and change our negative thoughts and beliefs. The healthiest years of your life with Byron Katie, founder of the Work and author of three best-sellers, whose mission is to teach people to end their own suffering. Kevin: I want to talk about how he got where he is now. Byron: Excellent. So how I got here was that he was very depressed. I do not know how we got there, where we all want to be, but I knew that if I do not know how to get out of this suffering, Kevin, I just thought he had to die to escape such suffering. For this I had no idea. I have not had a religious background, anything or anyone and my self-esteem was so low that actually slept on the floor beside my bed. Kevin: Huh. Byron: I do not think even deserve to sleep in a bed. So, one morning as I slept really a cockroach crawled on my foot and I woke up and opened my eyes and instead of all that darkness was a joy that I try to describe and I can not because it was still below, but I can say is that the pain was gone and there was not much better than anything I've ever met. In fact it was really beyond experience. These thoughts hit my head as they hit worldwide. I had not thought of. It is this difference that Deepak talks and suddenly, all these thoughts just click on this gap and, Kevin, after seeing, you know, that moment I thought it was not education ideas flowed when I could not believe. They were there. We have spoken loud and clear, and I started laughing and laughing and laughing.
So let me say that I was born in laughter and was a long, long, long time and if on that day are the thoughts, my friends and I invite you all to be a friend thought that thinking is not an enemy. Our mind is not an enemy and invite people to discover for themselves, to see themselves and how to offer you four numbers of people, only four simple questions you launched against the concept.
For example, does not bother me, or does not bother me. It could be any concept, but if we consider that one of the first four questions are: Is it true that does not care about me? Can you tell which is absolutely true? Third question: How do you react when you believe that? And it gives everyone the experience of observing that all feelings and all that lives is in line with what are the believers and the spirit is the cause and work - that's what l 'calls - work that clearly shows. Then the fourth question, which would you be without that thought? In other words, do not abandon the idea. Thoughts are not enemies. Just who would you be if you do not believe?
Then consider this and meditation, the four questions, then I invite people to 180, the recovery for him and he returned. He cares about me and then get very quiet and the views of all the feelings that surface around this. Just the idea that, to deal with it, see it and sometimes it takes courage to do the job, but it takes more courage not to. You begin to find examples where it was nice. When the mind opens, enters another polarity together and there is no cheating here. That's all true and genuine. We found no false positive views. We have not been good for him. It does not eliminate the other. This is not the point. Is that we give them a new view. Another change is that he does not care about and identify examples of it and feed us to repair and if we have problems to find out how we can make this right? Another change I do not care for me and my goodness, Kevin, when some of us see what is Oh, my God. How can I expect him to take care of me when I do I care? No one sees me in a horrible way, the distorted way I saw, but did not work, so I had to keep believing that I believe this wonderful, wonderful human being named Byron Katie, whom I have learned to respect. Kevin: So, Katie, how does it develop? Is next? Byron: It came from that time. Kevin: Okay. Byron: I'd like to tell people: "Your thoughts are not met, you're thoughts are not true and I look like" Oh, my God. It's crazy. "But people still wanted to know that freedom. I was a change that my family did not recognize me. My friends did not recognize me. I was agoraphobic. It was very difficult for me to leave my house, my bedroom even more frequently. So here I am with my doors open, travelers from around the world to see what the experience was, well, where minds are open to it would help me. They could not hear their own thoughts, and I would invite them to put their thoughts down on paper and try to find what I call a judge of the world sheet, and write their thoughts down, and why they did it themselves, that really are the thoughts that I, myself, I think. So when he wrote of them had their own when I asked "Really?" Is it true that you thought life? Are you sure that's true? Do you think your mother told you everything? Kevin: Wow. Byron: Well they do. Kevin: The treatment and evaluation of their thoughts to some can be a scary thing. I think for me sometimes. Byron: Oh, my God. You never know who you are without thought, but I can tell you, Kevin, from my experience and the experience of millions of people who are working is that Kinder always turn out as human beings, more open, more prosperous, healthy and passed this woman over 200 pounds so he could not move the fat, literally, no. My beating heart - the physical body has a lot to do with what you believe Kevin: Let's talk now. What do you think is the role between emotional health and their thoughts and physical pain, physical discomfort, the physical manifestation? Byron: Well, when we believe our thoughts and suffer when they are asked not suffer. I just saw that this is true for every human being. So every time I get confused and I realized the confusion, pain and all the time that we are embarrassed to invite people to put on paper. Whenever you are confused, put on paper and then just put up against these four questions and questions are always free on my site. You do not register for anything. Do not connect! Here are front and center and shows how they work and everything to do with emotional health. It's like the third question: How do you react when you think of the idea that you want? What happens? What is it, Kevin? when you're back in middle school or the court when there were five or six years old or young, what happens when you think they thought they do not like? KV: type of walk or error to put the head down. Byron: Sales and sort of put your head down. Well, that's how we react when we believe that thinking. So is emotional. So whatever happens, do not stop there. When you think that thinking the next time someone looks you right in the classroom think you are one of them and then go home and your mother is very happy to see you, but your self-esteem is low and think: "How could he? Nobody does. "I mean it starts to transfer all our lives. That is our life and we just see a stressful thought. "Not like me. "Now, you want to be in the same field or imagine all the images - is this small? Kevin: Mm Hmm. Byron: Well, look exactly the same situation. Who would you be without the thought of thought "They tease me?" Kevin: So, without thinking, "They tease me, just, I think that playing with them. Byron: You. So what we learn here, Kevin, to you, is that what we are thinking dictates our emotional life and what we believe in our emotional life of the dictates of the world for the rest of our lives. It's like watching your life prior to faith, not about you, oh, what a little happy and then type the grandchildren did not work and older children have not all, but even if they are almost "They mock me, "Turn It Around" does not care about them. "Look at me. I am walking alone. I am one who does not speak with them again, because I'm thinking not care about me. I'm not the only concern, because of what I think and I do not care I turned, no matter to me. I cost me my life in the yard, if nothing else. I cost my friends and associations and play in our life time and a response is, "They laugh at me. "And then just come to see the child and see what you missed. It will change your life today, because we are the child until we go back and take a look and make Squared Away and we can do in a chair. We can change our lives, where we sat and can go back and in fact can be seen. They say, "Come on. "You say 'Oh, do not really care about me. They are trying to be nice. "It's like as if we regard them as liars, but if we return, we can hear the call and not have to imagine, even if the imagination is everything. We can not go the way we saw the reality and we can hear the people who are ignorant because we were so into believing the thought "I do not like me. "So in a nutshell is the work and it is. People try to change your life and life will never change. No change. We still have war on this planet. We have not really advanced. There is only one way to change the world, and work within and at the end of the war with himself and then everything is blown out of her world changes when you do. This is the way to change the world.
Isn’t it Time for the Metric System to Stop Goiing Around in Circles?
Posted by admin in Uncategorized on September 3rd, 2009
by Philip Yaffe
Growing up in the United States in the 1950s, I was accustomed to such things as inches, feet, yards, ounces (liquid and solid), pints, pounds, etc. Then I entered my first class and physics has been revolutionized the metric system.
"My God is better! Why not use it? I cried.
After all, the memory that a kilometer is 1000 meters is much easier to remember than a mile is 5,280 feet and foot, in turn is 12 inches. Remembering that a kilogram is 1,000 grams is much easier to remember that the book is solid 16 oz Recalling that a liter is 1000 milliliters is much easier to remember than the pint of 16 ounces of fluid two liters (32 ounces) is the fourth, and four quarts (128 ounces) is a gallon.
System C also seems much easier than the Fahrenheit system. After all, water freezes at 0 ° C and boils at 100 ° C, which seems much more logical that the freezing of water at 32 ° F and boils at 212 ° F.
So why the United States, Britain, and a number of other countries use these strange systems?
I have the answer when I am outside the physical classroom. Although I understand mathematically metric units, I was not for them. Filet de oz If I went to a restaurant, I knew exactly what he was doing when I asked for 8, 10 or 12. But if the menu showed a 230, 280 or 340 grams of steak, I was totally lost. Del mismo modo, si tuviera que conducir 60 millas, me di cuenta de que esto significaba una hora en la carretera. But if I had to drive 95 km, I would have no idea what he meant - other than it seemed much further.
Any change in its usual form is difficult, although it is clearly an improvement. Therefore still be some time for Liberia, Myanmar (Burma) and the United States, the only three countries that have not yet adopted the metric system, finally, make the change. But it seems inevitable.
France adopted the metric system in 1799, a consequence of the French Revolution. Japan has made official in 1868 and Russia in 1917. Even Britain, which initially spread inches, feet, miles, ounces, pounds, etc, worldwide, joined the club in 1965.
Now that the world has been so massively metrics (holdouts and is likely to do so in the foreseeable future), the question is: why not work? The fact is that even countries use metric still a number of old, not the metric units are largely irrational and mathematically cumbersome.
For example, why is one hour 60 minutes, one minute and 60 seconds, when an hour would be 100 minutes and one minute 100 seconds? Besides, why a 24-day time instead of 10 hours, each hour consisting of 100 minutes and each minute composed of 100 seconds? And why stop there? Why the year has 12 months instead of 10?
If you think this year, it used to be composed of ten months, until Julius Caesar (July) and Augustus (August) tucked in his vanity. The remnants of the old schedule of ten months, you can still see the names of the last four months of the year: September (septum = seven), October (octo = eight), November (novum = nine), and December (decem = ten). They should have been updated for centuries.
Another unit seems strange that the 360 degrees of a circle, each degree is divided into 60 minutes and each minute divided into 60 seconds. It is possible the 100-degree circle, divided into 100 minutes, divided into 100 seconds?
Well, yes, is possible.
Some might argue that a mathematical system based on 60 has some advantages for calculations in the metric system, 10. For special applications, which can maintain the system at 360 degrees, but there is no reason why the rest of us must suffer with him. In fact, for some applications, the circle of 360 degrees was abandoned in favor of the circle, two of Radian, based on the formula of the circumference of C = 2? R (circumference = pi times twice the radius). .
You can cite many other measures that could be decimalize. However, we must be careful to distinguish between natural and conventional measures.
It is a convention to announce that 60 seconds to one minute, 60 minutes in an hour and 24 hours a day. For some reason, we chose these units. However, there is a convention that year has 365 days, it is time it takes the Earth in orbit around the sun. It is a natural part dictated by nature. It would make no sense to divide the year into 100 days, just to make calculations easier.
This nonsense is beyond human ignorance. In the 19th century, one of American States was very close to passing a law setting the IP, even at 3 in the belief that support for fair value (3. 3. … 14159265) was simply too awkward!
In considering possible changes, we must realize that the units of the basic definitions can change over time, often due to the evolution of science.
For example, since 1898, the kilogram, the basic unit of mass is defined in terms of the International Prototype Kilogram (IPK). This is a block of metal alloys manufactured specifically maintained under conditions specified in detail the environment at the International Bureau of Weights and Measures in Sevres, France. However, from the IPK is subjected to mass drift (changes in mass over time), serious discussions to redefine the kilogram in terms of a fixed number of 12 atoms of carbon atoms of silicon, or other rights fundamental, reproducible physical properties.
The fact is that the IPK is the only unit (International System of Units) is defined in terms of a reference model carefully preserved. All others have become reproducible physical properties anywhere in the world. For example, the counter used to be defined by a platinum-iridium bar. Today, however, is defined as 1 / 299, 792.458 of the distance traveled by light in 1 second (the 'light-meters), the denominator of the fraction is the speed of light in vacuum
Then when the circle, clock and calendar to go metric? Probably not in the near future, but for psychological reasons rather than scientific.
Although few people use the 360 degree circle in their daily lives, for what they have learned (and experienced) the geometry in school, so it probably will oppose any change simply because it would be impossible. Moreover, some aspects of the circle of 360 degrees, have become common in many languages, where the equivalent of change "is often described as a 180 degrees.
Everyone uses the clock and the calendar permanently, are part of the fabric of everyday life. Any attempt to decimalize is almost certain to generate opposition extremely steep. For most people, this change is not just an inconvenience, but a great transformation.
For millennia, the prospect of "squaring the circle" is still a mathematical problem. In 1882, it has proved impossible because of the transcendental nature of pi. Make the circle minus the cycle (360 degrees to 100 degrees) is not impossible, but it may seem that way for a very long time.
Philip Yaffe is a former reporter and columnist for The Wall Street Journal and a marketing communications consultant. Il enseigne actuellement one cours d'écriture et de langue bien à Bruxelles, Belgique. His recent book on the "I" of the Storm: Secrets of Writing & Speaking (Almost) Like a Pro is available from Story Publishers in Ghent, Belgium (BE storypublishers.) And Amazon (Amazon.ie Ireland com).
For more information please contact: Philip Yaffe Brussels, Belgium Tel: +32 (0) 2 660 0405 Phil. Yaffe @ yahoo. com, Phil. Yaffe @ gmail. com